Brothers in arms,yet again? Twenty-first century Sino-Russian strategic collaboration in the realm of defence and security

2014–2015 were years of turmoil for strategic relations, with Sino-Russian relations emerging as a particularly interesting set of ties to observe. This article asks whether recurrent Sino-Russian exhortations of friendship are mirrored by their strategic alignment in the defence and security realm, half a century after the end of the Sino-Soviet pact during the communist era. We examine the arms trade between the two countries and with regional partners, but also the recent pattern of bilateral and multilateral military exercises, as a combined test of the security and defence relationship. We are able to show that the image of friendship that both Moscow and Beijing like to promote, while apparent at the UN Security Council and within the BRICS group, remains constrained by rivalry in high-tech segments of the arms industry and by lingering concerns about the prospects of peer interference in their shared regional vicinity.     

Free riding in a multi‐channel supply chain

Free riding in a multichannel supply chain occurs when one retail channel engages in the customer service activities necessary to sell a product, while another channel benefits from those activities by making the final sale. Although free riding is, in general, considered to have a negative impact on supply chain performance, certain recent industry practices suggest an opposite view: a manufacturer may purposely induce free riding by setting up a high‐cost, customer service‐oriented direct store to allow consumers to experience the product, anticipating their purchase at a retail store. This article examines how the free riding phenomenon affects a manufacturer's supply chain structure decision when there are fixed plus incremental variable costs for operating the direct store. We consider factors such as the effort required to find and buy the product at a retail store after visiting the direct store, the existence of competing products in the market, and the extent of consumer need to obtain direct‐store service. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009     

Locational tying of complementary retail items

We study a selling practice that we refer to as locational tying (LT), which seems to be gaining wide popularity among retailers. Under this strategy, a retailer “locationally ties” two complementary items that we denote by “primary” and “secondary.” The retailer sells the primary item in an appropriate “department” of his or her store. To stimulate demand, the secondary item is offered in the primary item's department, where it is displayed in very close proximity to the primary item. We consider two variations of LT: In the multilocation tying strategy (LT‐M), the secondary item is offered in its appropriate department in addition to the primary item's department, whereas in the single‐location tying strategy (LT‐S), it is offered only in the primary item's location. We compare these LT strategies to the traditional independent components (IC) strategy, in which the two items are sold independently (each in its own department), but the pricing/inventory decisions can be centralized (IC‐C) or decentralized (IC‐D). Assuming ample inventory, we compare and provide a ranking of the optimal prices of the four strategies. The main insight from this comparison is that relative to IC‐D, LT decreases the price of the primary item and adjusts the price of the secondary item up or down depending on its popularity in the primary item's department. We also perform a comparative statics analysis on the effect of demand and cost parameters on the optimal prices of various strategies, and identify the conditions that favor one strategy over others in terms of profitability. Then we study inventory decisions in LT under exogenous pricing by developing a model that accounts for the effect of the primary item's stock‐outs on the secondary item's demand. We find that, relative to IC‐D, LT increases the inventory level of the primary item. We also link the profitability of different strategies to the trade‐off between the increase in demand volume of the secondary item as a result of LT and the potential increase in inventory costs due to decentralizing the inventory of the secondary item. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009     

新课程实施中家长如何有效协同学校教育

家庭教育是学校教育的延伸和拓展,是学生素质教育体系中不可或缺的重要部分,家长是否有效地协同学校对孩子进行教育,直接决定着学校教育的效果。本文旨在探讨在新课程实施背景下,家长如何有效地协同学校教育。     

综合体育馆消防性能化评估

体育馆属于空间结构复杂、人员密集的场所，在增加了一些新颖的设计元素后，通常会给建筑人员安全疏散带来困难。以山东大学体育馆为例，对于这些问题，通常采用比较先进的性能化设计和评估来解决。     

基于n-宗派的C2组织协作性量化分析

C2组织的协作性是目前信息化战争研究中的一个热点。利用"社会网络分析方法",对C2组织的指挥控制关系网络模型进行"n-宗派"分析,可以有效地揭示组织的子结构特征以及定量地研究组织的协作性。分析了指挥控制关系网络模型n-宗派中"n"的现实意义,设计了"宗派协作指数"和"组织协作指数"的计算方法和公式。结合示例,以2-宗派为例说明了C2组织协作性量化分析的步骤和过程。研究表明,基于n-宗派的C2组织协作性量化分析具有可操作性和现实意义。     

基于信息融合技术的复合式火灾探测器

在火灾探测中对单一的火灾特征参数信息进行判断和识别的探测器，易受到环境的干扰，限制了其探测性能，系统的高误报率问题比较突出；复合式火灾探测器采用信息融合技术进行多火灾特征参数信息的判断和识别，提高了火灾探测的可靠性和准确性。介绍了复合式火灾探测器中多传感器的选择。结合火灾探测独特的三层结构（数据层、特征层、决策层）讨论了数据融合技术在火灾探测系统中的应用，并对多传感器在数据层信息融合的模型结构进行了归纳。     

基于离线文本独立的笔迹鉴别系统设计

笔迹鉴别是通过分析手写字符的书写风格来判断书写人身份的一门技术，利用改进型多通道Gabor滤波器来提取笔迹图像的纹理特征，用最邻近分类器进行分类。本设计中采集了12个人的不同笔迹，取得了较好的结果。     

多目标数据关联的神经网络方法

数据关联是多目标跟踪的关键问题。基于 Hopfield神经网络的 JPDA是解决这一关键问题的有效方法之一 ,但此方法的难点在于优化系数的整定。提出一种改进算法 ,用于解决优化系数在线自适应整定问题。首先重新构造了李雅普诺夫能量函数 ,接着引入变化的优化系数因子 ,并给出了优化系数求解的迭代公式 ;最后对已有和改进的算法进行了仿真研究。结果表明改进的方法和原有的方法相比 ,一方面具有在线整定优化系数的功能 ,另一方面可以获得和原有算法非常接近的估计误差。     

用结构自适应前馈网络解算多目标导弹攻击区

多目标导弹攻击区的实时解算是机载多目标攻击武器系统得以技术实现的中心环节。阐述了“多目标导弹攻击区”的概念 ,探索了其解算的技术途径 ,提出了“实时、高精度和低存储”的解算要求。根据上述技术要求 ,设计了基于网络灵敏度统计分析的多层前馈网络结构自适应算法 ,以用于训练合适规模的多层前馈网络逼近器。在此基础上 ,进行了系统仿真研究 ,研究的结果表明了该方案的应用前景。